Mitochondria are far more than the “powerhouse” of the cell as they have classically been described. In fact, mitochondria biological activities have progressively expanded to include not only various bioenergetic processes but also important biosynthetic pathways, calcium homeostasis and thermogenesis, cell death by apoptosis, several different signal transduction pathways mainly related to redox control of gene expression and so on. This functional and structural complexity may undergo important derangements so to justify the definition of ‘mitochondrial medicine’, which should include all the clinical consequences of congenital or acquired mitochondrial dysfunctions. There are actually a growing number of studies which assign a significant pathogenic role to damaged mitochondria in different diseases: ischemia/reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer with its dramatic sequelae (i.e, metastasis), metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemias, just to mention a few of the most important pathologies. In this context, a further aspect that should not be disregarded is the interaction of pharmacological agents with mitochondria, not only in regard of the toxicological aspects but, above all, of the potential therapeutic applications. In fact, it is interesting to note that, while the properties of different so-called “mitoxicants” are well-known, the subtle linkages between drugs and mitochondria is still in need of a real pharmacological and therapeutic control at the clinical level. This lack of consideration can often lead to an underestimation of unwanted toxic effects but also of desirable therapeutic activities. A reevaluation of the potential clinical role of mitochondria could give a new light on some yet obscure aspects of human pathophysiology.

Section I – Physiology and structure of Mitochondria.- 1. The oxidative phosphorylation system in mammalian mitochondria.- 2. Physiology and pathophysiology of mitochondrial DNA.- 3. Mitochondrial calcium as a key regulator of mitochondrial activities.- 4. Mitochondria and Nitric Oxide: Chemistry and Pathophysiology.- 5. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species - which role in physiology and pathophysiology?.- 6. Uncoupling proteins: molecular, functional, regulatory, physiological and pathological aspects.- 7. The mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis.- Section II – Mitochondria and disease.- 8. Inherited mitochondrial disorders.- 9. Mitochondria and metabolism diseases.- 10. Mitochondria and diabetes. An intriguing pathogenetic role.- 11. Mitochondria and heart diseases.- 12. Mitochondria in neurodegeneration.- 13. Mitochondria and cancer: a growing role in apoptosis, cancer cell metabolism and dedifferentiation.- Section III – Mitochondria and Aging.- 14.Mitochondria and aging.- 15. Mitochondria and pharmacology. -16. Iatrogenic mitochondriopathies: a recent lesson from nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.- 17. Dysfunction of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I in neurological disorders: genetics and pathogenetic mechanisms.- 18. Anthracyclines and mitochondria.- Section IV- Applications of Mitochondrial science.- 19. Mitochondrial proteomics approaches for new potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer.- 20. Mitochondria in Anthropology and forensic medicine.